The Bronze Age Build Blog - Session 7

Butser team member Phelim shares an update from the latest session on the Bronze Age project as the veterans and volunteers took part in a couple of exciting workshops all about hunting and cooking to better understand our Bronze Age ancestors!

Normal Service Will Resume Shortly…

When the volunteers from Operation Nightingale came for the next stage of the project it was not for the usual two days of building and one workshop. Instead they were treated to a two day workshop on Bronze Age skills, but the jury is still out as to whether they would be able to survive in the Bronze Age.

Sat under a gazebo to protect the participants from the direct heat of the sun, Wednesday found the veterans making spears out of bones. Mainly using flint they gamely carved away before whittling a piece of wood to make the shaft. Then came the fun part – throwing spears.

As anyone who has tried throwing the javelin at school will know it is not that easy to get a long pointed object to go in a straight line. Those of us watching proceedings were therefore relieved to discover that the first part of the throwing were rubber headed. Using these the volunteers had the chance to get used to throwing in a straight line, well a straightish line. From here Tom, who was running the workshop, got them used to trying to aim at a target. As part of this Will, one of the Butser staff who has a passion for weapons as a Roman re-enactor, gamely produced one of his shields to hide behind for them to throw the rubber spears at a live target. Seeing the lack of skill Will very sensibly got out the way when the spears with metal heads came out. After various attempts to hit a hazel hoop the bone spears came out for them try. Thankfully only one broke, mainly because the hole was very thin.

Thankfully the veterans didn’t have to hunt for the next day’s workshop as Caroline had provided all the ingredients. Cooking in the Bronze Age uses a lot of stones, either to help boil liquid or as hot plates for flat bread. Using these, a large metal pot and other appropriate tools the veterans cooked a lovely meal of stew with roasted pork. They also made cheese, butter and bread. Sadly, due to being a coeliac, I was unable to join them in their feast but I am assured that all enjoyed it. 

Sadly we also said goodbye to Claire who had helped not only get the project off the ground, but also put in so much effort to enable the project to happen over the days when the volunteers were on site. Thankfully she plans to visit to make sure we are doing things properly. While no building work was actually done normal service will resume at the next session, well it will if we can work out what normal actually is.

Finally,  big thank you has to be given to Tom and Caroline for running the two workshops, and to Elaine Corner (from one of our partner groups Step Together) for the use of the photographs.

The Bronze Age Build Blog - Session 6

‘Dial M for Mud’ - Butser Projects Co-ordinator Sue Webber explains the detective work involved in solving the mystery of the Bronze Age roundhouse walls, giving the rationale behind our varied approaches to the wall construction.

After many discussions, some late at night, some early in morning the consensus was that the Bronze Age house could have had mud walls. Then we had to decide what type of mud walls they would be. But before we go on there let’s recap a little on the archaeology.

The excavation at Dunch Hill that we are basing this building on gave us post holes – where they are in relation to one another, the diameter of the posts and the depth. That gave us the layout for the building. What we don’t have is any indication of the materials that the walls were built from. This detective mystery leaves us few clues, Dr Watson. The material evidence may have been robbed, rubbed out or rained away. 

If it was robbed, then good building material may well have been re-used in the best Bronze Age recycling practice and taken away for another structure.

Later ploughing may have rubbed out the evidence of wall structure and materials, leaving no trace for the archaeological Holmes.

The third R, rain, means that our friend, the weather may have played a part dissolving material and returning it to the earth.

So, Dr Watson, what next?

What materials would have been available to Bronze Age builders on Salisbury Plain? The soil is a thin layer over chalk. There was evidence of some woodland, pasture and crop fields. What they didn’t have locally was building stone (except for the Stonehenge sarcens of course), or deep turf to play with.

Modern-built Iron Age roundhouses at Butser and elsewhere are often constructed with wattle and daub walls. These are usually hazel or willow woven wattles covered in daub made with the childrens’ favourite recipe – mud, straw, water and POO! Wattle and daub is a possibility for this house, although there are no small postholes to show evidence of wattle uprights. Are you keeping up Watson?

Certainly Holmes, the butler in the library?

Here at Butser we want to try something different, because we know about wattle and daub but we don’t have as much experience of mud walls.

The options that seemed plausible included turf walls, cobb walls or earth walls. And since they all had their motivation and opportunity it was hard to pin one down as the culprit.

So, instead of a single perpetrator we decided to try them all and find out which was guilty, sorry, the best option.

Turf walls, are generally made where there is deep soil that can be cut into thick turfs, and sometimes interlayered with stone. The Salisbury Plain turf, and the Butser turf, is thin but we saved what we took when we cleared the site and built it into a sloping wall with a wide base, against a light wattle structure inside.

Cobb walls, are often built with boots (some sort of foundation) and a bonnet (a covering roof). We had a clunch or cobb-walled building at Butser which proved to be very durable and took strong men with sledgehammers to bring it down. The underlying chalk on the site gave us a good reason to try making cobb with broken up chalk, water and straw. 

Earth walls, are another option, so again we made a light-weight wattle structure to pile earth against.

Making the building with a variety of techniques and materials means that we will have a better understanding of the options Bronze Age builders might have had. As the build progresses we will see how these walls perform and later in the building’s life will have even more information about their durability. And one day, many years in the future, we will see what these walls leave behind.

So, clear as mud Watson?

Building the Earth Wall against a wattle support

The Turf Wall

The Cob Wall

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The Bronze Age Build Blog - Session 5

Projects Co-ordinator Trevor Creighton gives an update on the latest progress on our Bronze Age build, featuring Lime tree cutting to make fibre for cordage and pottery pit firing.

Our most recent Operation Nightingale activities, 23rd – 25th June, have been many and varied. Wednesday was spent in the woods of darkest Hampshire gathering lime. Not the little green things that add delicate sharpness to a nice Thai meal, but the Common European Lime tree (Tilia x europaea is it’s anything but common botanical name). In fact, it’s a bit unfair to call it common at all, because Lime is useful in somewhat uncommon ways. In our case, Claire, our staff archaeologist, led a stout crew into the forbidding wilderness to gather lime so it could be stripped of its bast. Bast is a layer of soft material directly beneath the bark. It is very fibrous and those fibres make the perfect basis for cordage.

Cordage is made with any number of fibres. In essence, the fibres are stripped from the source – in our case lime bast, but brambles, nettles and all sorts of plants have good fibres for making cordage – then twisted by hand into a twine. The cordage can be used in its own right – nettle can be made into very fine and delicate thread for weaving, for example. Individual strands of cordage can also be combined and twisted to make rope. And it was the search for rope-making materials that led our intrepid team to sally forth, returning like conquering Bronze Age foragers with raw materials. (Thanks to Jackie Crutchfield for the photos from the Lime processing in the woods)

Lime bast needs some process and making cordage needs some up-skilling so on the Friday the lime – rope project began. But I am getting ahead of myself. If you read our last blog you will know that an Operation Nightingale team made a whole swag of pots a couple of weeks back, under the careful scrutiny of the man I now like to call the ‘Pot Meister’, Butser stalwart Phelim. Two weeks is a good amount of time to let fresh made pots dry out nice and gently, ready to be fired. Wet posts have an irritating habit of exploding, so those same potters were able to take their now dry creations, put them in a specially dug hole in the ground, set a fire and create some ceramic masterpieces.

Phelim had warned at the making stage that the failure rate for this sort of Bronze Age style earth-firing can be as high as 80%. As it turned out, the success rate was about 95% - that’s a model display of under-promising and over-delivering and it delighted everyone. And that’s what earned Phelim his new sobriquet – Pot Meister (notwithstanding his expertise, Phelim was the most relieved person after the fired pots were revealed). Now we have a series of hand-crafted pots, reflecting the some of the pottery of the Bronze Age. (Thanks to Phelim McIntyre and Rachel Willis for the photos of the pottery firing and results)

Back to Friday again. Before it can be stripped into the fibres we want for cordage, the lime bast must be soaked in water – a process called retting (in effect, rotting), which allows the fibrous parts to be stripped from the bast. We are doing a little experiment with this process. One lot of bast now sits in a bath of plain water, the other in a bath of salt water. In a few weeks we will see if one or the other works better. Once the rather goopy strips of bast were in the water (it’s a bit slimy to handle but a number of us seemed to have nice soft hands afterwards!) the team split in two – one group getting on with the building, the other learning how to make cordage.

Spinning guru (nothing to do with Whirling Dervishes) Kat was on hand to give expert guidance. As we couldn’t yet use the lime bast, Kat had gathered a number of other suitable materials, including nettle and rhubarb. Many a cordage maker found this a very meditative activity and had produced some beautiful lengths by the day’s end. (Thanks agin to Jackie Crutchfield for the photos from the cordage session)

So do we know whether people in Bronze Age Britain used cordage? We certainly do! Although organic materials are generally poorly preserved in prehistoric archaeology – especially in the acid soils in our part of the world - there are sometimes rare and wonderful survivors. And there is no better example of Bronze Age fibres than those from Must Farm. Actually, the Must Farm examples are spun fibre, rather than cordage. But we do have plenty of evidence for prehistoric cordage. I use the example of Must Farm because the work – which is in essence twisted plant fibres, just like cordage – is of such breathtakingly exquisite quality. It is a demonstration of the sophistication of the use of fibres in the Bronze Age and I would urge anyone to have a look at it.

Must Farm is an astonishingly well preserved site from the Late Bronze Age (around 1000 – 800 BCE, only a little later than our building, from about 1200). It was a small settlement built over the water on stilts in what is now the Cambridgeshire Fens. I saw some examples of the textiles and many other things in Peterborough Museum some years ago and was bowled over. If you have read this far but aren’t familiar with Must Farm then you will almost certainly be interested in the checking it out. www.mustfarm.com is a brilliant site, with lots of snippets of information, dig diaries, and great pictures.

On the subject of snippets of information, a documentary was made in 2016 called ‘Britain’s Pompeii’. It was hosted by Professor Alice Roberts and dealt with the short life and rapid demise of the Must Farm settlement. The whole place seems to have been burned down within about a year of its construction. To give some idea of how quickly a roundhouse might burn, they burned a roundhouse. That very roundhouse was built here at Butser by David Freeman. Butser is surely the most filmed experimental archaeological site in Britain. As a random example, and one close to my heart, the farm (at its original site just north of where we are now) was featured in the Dr Who episode ‘Mysterious Planet’. While in the area the crew also zoomed down to Portsmouth and filmed Daleks at the IBM building. Sadly, no Daleks at Butser, but then rough ground was always the fly in the ointment for the Daleks’ otherwise flawless plans for conquering the universe.

That’s probably enough digression for one blog. We are doing more wall building soon and making bold plans for the roof. But I’ll leave that for another day.

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The Bronze Age Build Blog - Session 4

Session 4 of our Bronze Age build with Operation Nightingale and Projects Co-ordinator Trevor updates us on the latest progress - featuring turf walls, figurine carving and pottery.

We have been really fortunate in the way our Bronze Age project has unfolded to date. Not only do we have an exceptional team working on the build, we have also had exceptional weather. Session four, on the 9th, 10th and 11th of June, carried on in like fashion. Beautiful, warm (finally) days welcomed our crack team to tackle what was probably our most ambitious three days yet. On the Wednesday and Thursday, half of the crew carried on where we left off the previous session, splitting logs and making lintels. As if that wasn't enough, they also tackled the building the first phase of our earth walls. Working with Butser's other projects co-ordinator, Sue, they built about two metres of earth wall using the turf that was stripped when the site was cleared. The results caused a flurry of excitement, at least among the experimentally-inclined, as very few experimental roundhouses are built with earth walls. That's despite the fact that many archaeologists think that earth walled buildings were common in prehistoric Britain. Unfortunately, as is the way with experimental archaeology, we won't be able to fully test that theory until the building is demolished and we can compare what's left with original archaeology – and hopefully that won't happen any time soon!

The other half of the team immersed themselves in Bronze Age craft activities.

Operation Nightingale stalwart Richard Osgood was on hand to guide his half of the team through the basics of wood carving. The objective was for everyone to create their own version of one of the Roos Carr figures. Roos Carr is a site near Hull where a group of figurines carved from yew were discovered in 1836. They were a bit of a mystery for many years but we now know that they date from around the late Bronze Age. At the risk of sounding like a captive of the modern world's obsession with machine-made 'perfection', I would describe the figures as fairly crudely carved and, if I'm honest, a little scary to look at!

They are actually made from a number of articulated parts. At between 35 – 40 cm, the head, torso and legs are the largest piece of each figurine. Each contains carved sockets, into which are fitted ... let's call them appendages. Some are arms, the others identify most of the figurines as unambiguously male. The figures also have pebbles glued on as eyes, so the team went on a bit of a rock-hunting expedition to source some nice white pebbles and mixed up a brew of pine resin, beeswax and charcoal to give their carvings their ocular necessities. As well as being a fun project, Richard and his crew have created a group of artefacts that we can use to decorate our roundhouse and to illustrate to visitors some of the craft aspects of Bronze Age Britain. Of course, we don't know what the figures were for, not do we know whether or not Bronze Age people decorated their houses. What we do know is that the Bronze Age had a rich material culture – archaeologists have found beautifully crafted objects, from jewellery to weapons. Although organic materials like wood are rare survivors, it's a reasonable bet that it was used for all sorts of things – for spiritual objects, decorative and functional pieces and more. In fact, one of the original Roos Carr figures was taken home by one of the workmen who found it and given to his daughter as a doll to play with – so it might even have been a child's toy in Bronze Age (that figure found its way to the Literary and Philosophical Society and eventually became part of the collections of Hull Museums in 1902 – 80 years later! I would love to know the back story there). The great thing about having objects like the Roos Carr figures (and we will have more arts and crafts to come) is that it allows us to engage visitors in speculation about their use.

Ironically, one of the aspects of archaeology that is most exciting are those bits we don't understand – and that's almost all of it. Through these very human objects we can all engage in a bit of musing about their purpose. They help us engage with the humans who made them in ways that are perhaps even more intimate than structures like houses. We can all speculate about their original purpose – they might have been deeply spiritually significant but, equally, they may have had a much more light-hearted purpose. Your guess really is a good as anyone's and connecting with objects like this makes us all archaeologists! The original Roos Carr figures are now on display in the Hull Museum and, if you can't get to Hull, they are well worth a Google search.

Our Friday session was given over entirely to another Bronze Age craft – pottery. Our very own pottery guy, Phelim McIntyre, was on hand to give a team of 10 enthusiastic potters-in-the-making a prehistoric version of the Great Pottery Throwdown. Well, not quite – the potter's wheel wasn't introduced until more than a thousand years after our roundhouse was built. So it was more a question of the great pottery build up, where lumps, slabs or coils of clay are built into a vessel or some other piece, ready for firing (not to be outdone by the wood carvers, one ambitious potter created a clay Roos Carr figure).

From an archaeological perspective, pots are very important. Because of the happy conjunction of the facts that they can be reliably dated, their styles are often specific to a time and a place and they break very easily, pots (usually just broken bits, but sometimes you get lucky) are a great way to identify the who, what and where of an archaeological dig. Pots that once contained foods can sometimes also be analysed so that we can discover what people ate and drank (beer and cheese, for example).

Pots are so important in the Bronze Age that whole cultures have been named after them! The most famous in Britain are the 'Beaker People'. Their beaker shaped pots appear at the same time as bronze, so the Beaker People are really important to our story. Actually, it's rather more complex than that – arguments rage about whether or not the Beaker People were actually a group of people at all (to paraphrase the well-known archaeologist Francis Pryor, invaders armed with pots) or more a movement of ideas, which saw the spread of new cultural ways and technologies. Or a bit of both. Still, I won't let archaeological theory get in the way of a good story here. In our next session, Phelim and the team are going to fire the pots in a very Bronze Age pit firing (more to come). Makers were aghast when Phelim pointed out that, in the absence of a modern, temperature-controlled kiln, failure rates can be as high as 80%. This led to a frantic surge in an effort to make sure that the 20% was still a good collection. I guess the only comment I can make is 'well done potters'.

By the end of day three we had almost all of the lintels complete and fitted to their posts, 2 metres of turf wall completed, a number of Roos Carr figures ready to entertain and beguile our visitors with and an entire Beaker army of pots. Is there no stopping the Operation Nightingale team???

Amazing aerial shot of the Bronze Age build through a fish-eye lens by Harvey Mills.

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The Bronze Age Build Blog - Session 3

As we march ahead with our Bronze Age roundhouse construction, Projects Co-ordinator Trevor Creighton updates us on the latest progress on the build. The posts are in the ground, the lintels are going up and we even try a spot of bronze casting.

Our third Operation Nightingale roundhouse building sessions took place over the 19th and 20th of May. The team picked up from where we left off last time with more timber working. Our roundhouse will have a post and lintel frame to support the roof. Post and lintel constructions have vertical posts secured in postholes in the ground. The lintels are horizontal beams, which are jointed to the tops of, and span the gap between, adjacent posts. For a good example of a post and lintel structure look no further than the massive central ‘trilithons’ of Stone Henge!

The posts had already been completed during the previous session, so work began on the lintels. Treewright Darren was again on hand to instruct and supervise the splitting - or ‘cleaving’ - of lengths of oak trunks, which then had bark and some soft sapwood stripped to leave a neat plank. The plank is cut to the length required and holes are chiselled into them near each end, at the precise distance to allow them to drop over the tusk tenons on the top of each post (see the previous blog for a description of making the tusk tenons). Once all of the posts are joined in this way we will have a circle of posts and lintels ready to take the weight of a thatched roof.

You might be wondering how we know that the original was built this way. The answer is surprisingly simple – we don’t! As with almost any archaeology, virtually everything that was is gone. We have to make imaginative leaps from what is left to try and understand what was there. What the Operation Nightingale team found in the original excavation was a series of postholes set around in a circle. Archaeologists are very familiar with roundhouses. They were the dominant form of domestic building in Britain and Ireland from the late Stone Age all the way through until, in some places, the Roman period, in others well beyond. As an interesting aside, there is little or no evidence for roundhouses in northern Europe (at least, north of Brittany) during this period. I wonder why and I’m open to your suggestions!

So, if you find a circle of posts when excavating in Britain you have probably uncovered a roundhouse. That helps us with our first leap of faith – if it was a roundhouse it probably had a roof, walls and a doorway. Beyond that, there is little to go on. In later blogs we’ll look at a number of the other assumptions we are making about our building. Somewhat paradoxically, some of those assumptions are informed by what is not in the archaeology!

But, sticking to the present, given that we have evidence for a circle of upright posts, the simplest assumption is that they supported lintels which, in turn, supported the roof.

By the end of the Friday several of the lintels had been completed, the circle of posts installed in the ground and some of the lintels fixed to the tusk tenons. The walls are around 1.2m high, with a slightly higher doorway to make it a little easier to enter. We are all set up now to finish the remaining lintels and should have the entire post and lintel frame complete at the end of the next session of building. You might be wondering why, in a roundhouse that’s only about 6.5 metres across, we have chosen to build such low walls? Well, that’s one of those things we have determined from what is not in the archaeology. The official term is ‘assumption’ but you might prefer ‘guess’. In any event, I’ll leave that discussion for another day.

On the Friday, the 21st we took time out from our busy building schedule to have a look at another aspect of the Bronze Age – bronze casting. Following on neatly from our previous workshop, where we explored the alchemy of smelting bronze from ores of copper and tin, this week we were joined by James Clift, who demonstrated the art of casting. James does many casting workshops at Butser and he is the perfect person to initiate our team into the mysteries of bronze work. James has an air of the wizard about him, an air reinforced when the golden, molten metal that emerges from his furnace is transformed into a smouldering axe to be plucked from its mould and doused in a boiling, steaming cauldron of water. Thanks to James for a fantastic workshop, which delivered four axe heads. Those axes are replicas of the same original from which our working bronze age axes were cast. So now we have the complete biography of a Bronze Age axe – from raw ores to finished product. Now it’s time to get back to those tools and crack on with the next phase of the build.

The Bronze Age Build Blog - Session 2

Our Bronze Age Roundhouse build, in partnership with Operation Nightingale, is taking place in fortnightly chunks, when the veterans and volunteers descend on the farm for three days of hard work, ancient skills and team bonding on our beautiful farm. Projects Co-ordinator Trevor Creighton describes the progress during our second Bronze Age building session - featuring Bronze Age carpentry and Bronze smelting!

The second session of our Operation Nightingale project took place on Thursday and Friday, the 6th and 7th of May, and Sunday the 9th of May. The first two days was spent preparing the timber posts that will form the uprights that will support the roof of our building.

Treewright Darren Hammerton was on hand to teach Operation Nightingale team members timber working skills required to fashion oak trunks into structural posts. A treewright is essentially a carpenter who works with traditional building tools, such as axes, chisels and augers, to dress and create joints in wood. Darren and a team of volunteers built Butser's first Saxon house, which was completed in 2016. Darren is now in the process of completing our second Saxon building and took time out of his work to pass some of his vast knowledge on to the team. Everyone involved benefited from and enjoyed learning from Darren. The results of the two days clearly show how much the students gained from the master. In the space of those two days all nine structural posts were prepared, ready to be inserted into the postholes dug during our previous session.

The preparation of the posts involved stripping bark, fashioning tusk tenons and charring the base of each post in an open fire. Stripping bark and the outermost layer of wood from the posts reduces the likelihood of rot by removing the most susceptible material. Charring the bottom couple of feet of each post further increases the durability of the timber, which is particularly important for that portion of the post that is going to be permanently below ground level, where in the damp soil environment timber is most prone to rot and decay. The tusk tenons are fashioned on the other end of the posts and they form the points to which the lintels - horizontal timbers which will carry the rafters - will be secured. Tusk tenons are square pegs that secure timbers with a corresponding hole, called a mortise, made in them. They were made by carefully removing most of the top of the posts with axes to create a square 'tusk', which remains part of the post itself and is comprised of the strong central heartwood. The final finishing of the tenons is done with chisels. Some of this work was done with modern steel tools, some was done using reproductions of Bronze Age originals. The bronze axes were all cast by bronzesmith James Clift and they are based on an original excavated somewhere near Petersfield, not too far from Butser. This type of axe - called a palstave axe - also dates to around the time of our building, so they are appropriate to our experimental build. The comparisons were interesting. Bronze is not as hard as steel and requires more frequent sharpening. Another significant difference is that bronze axes used are much smaller and lighter than the steel axes, which is typical of Bronze Age axes in general. This means that they don't have the same impact on the timber when they strike it. What's more, the way that bronze axes of the type we were using are attached to the handles is not as secure as a modern factory made axe. These factors made the bronze axes slower to work with and more prone to breakage of the handles. Nevertheless, the team found the bronze axes and chisels to be effective tools and as they gained experience they were able to hone their working methods to better suit the rather idiosyncratic Bronze Age tools – in particular the axes – and further enhance their effectiveness. By the end of the second day all posts had been finished to what was, given the relative inexperience of our team, a high standard. Darren was very complementary and, I think, even a little surprised with the speed with which everyone had acquired their new-found timber-working skills!

From the outset, it's been an objective of the Operation Nightingale project to not only create a roundhouse but also to allow people to get a greater understanding of the Bronze Age in general and, in particular, of the technologies and the material culture of the Bronze Age in Britain. What I personally find so intriguing about the Bronze Age is the way it sits tantalizingly close to our vision. When we speak of Bronze Age Britain we are speaking about pre-history, but that's not the case the world over. The pyramids are colossal monuments from the Bronze Age, which means that all of the hieroglyphs that we associate with ancient Egypt herald the beginnings of history, as do the cuneiform texts from Sumeria. And, to the extent it can be thought of as history, the exploits of Achilles, Agamemnon, Menelaus and Hector during the Battle of Troy chronicled by Homer took place in the Bronze Age. As it happens, the people of Classical Greece – the Athenians, the Spartans, the Corinthians and their fellow Greeks - regarded the Trojan Wars as real, historical events and believe they took place nearly 1000 years before their own time – in the 13th or 12th centuries BCE. As it happens, that's about the same time as our farmers on Salisbury Plain were building our roundhouse.

So the Bronze Age is, in so many ways, the time at which the prehistoric begins to transmute into the historic. But the greatest transmutation of the Bronze Age is surely that which converted raw ores into bronze – mining stone and converting it into a completely new material, utterly unlike the rocks from which it is born. Everyone wants to know who and how the discovery was made. I don't know, but I'm happy to think of it somewhat in the realms of magic and alchemy! Queue our resident alchemist – Fergus Milton. Fergus refers to himself as a 'hair shirt metallurgist'. By that he means no shortcuts, no concessions to modernity. He digs a hole, lines it with clay and makes his furnace, heated by charcoal and powered up to the 1200 degrees plus needed to smelt the ores by goatskin bellows and lots of arm pumping. On the Sunday, Fergus recruited a platoon of fresh (and not so fresh) arms to power his bellows. Brilliant green, copper-rich malachite ore – the material that is more commonly seen polished in lamp bases and jewellery – was pulverised by pestle and mortar, put into a high-fired pottery crucible and heated in those bellows-powered furnaces until the impurities were vaporised and little globs of shining, golden copper remained. Not, in this case, to create new tools, but as great little souvenirs and rewards for a great three days.

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Breaking ground on the Bronze Age house

Projects Co-ordinator Trevor discusses the first steps in the building of our new Bronze Age House at Butser Ancient Farm. We’ll be giving regular updates here on our blog as the build progresses!

On Thursday April 22nd the first sod of earth was turned to mark the start of a collaborative project between Butser Ancient Farm and Operation Nightingale to build a Bronze Age roundhouse. You can read the background to the project in our first blog post here.

The person turning the earth was none other than Phil Harding, veteran field archaeologist, flint tool authority and, of course, famous for his hat and exploits on Channel 4's Time Team. Phil joined Butser's Director, Maureen Page, Butser Archaeologist, Claire Walton, Operation Nightingale’s Archaeologist Richard Osgood, and around 25 staff and volunteers in welcoming the Operation Nightingale team to the site.

Phil Harding chats to Projects Co-ordinator Trevor and Director Maureen.

Phil Harding and Butser Archaeologist Claire turn the first sod on the Bronze Age build!

Richard Osgood, co-founder of Operation Nightingale and MOD award-winning archaeologist said on the first day of the build “I’m really excited, it’s been quite a long time in preparing this because we did the excavation last summer, with all the lockdowns this has been the one thing to anticipate getting all the veterans together and actually making the post holes that we found on Salisbury Plain into something physical, and filling Butser’s gap of the Bronze Age. So it’s really exciting, and months of fun now!”

We have had a big gap in our building chronology at Butser. At present our buildings jump from the late Stone Age to the Iron Age, missing that crucial period between about 2500 BCE and 800 BCE, when bronze metallurgy was introduced to Britain. The Bronze Age heralds many more changes than simply the introduction of metal. There are new social practices, new modes of burial and monumental display (the last phase of Stonehenge dates to the Bronze Age), the earliest use of the wheel, new forms of pottery and, perhaps, a migration of people into Britain. Alongside all of this, the Bronze Age provides evidence of the first large-scale division of land in Britain. Most of the earliest evidence for farming and field systems date not to the late Stone Age (which we typically associate with the introduction of farming but whose effects are very slight), but the Bronze Age. The field boundaries of the Bronze Age are still visible today, especially in Cornwall where some of the existing hedgerows that still divide the land may well have originated around 3000 years ago!

What we will be building during this project is our interpretation of the evidence of a roundhouse that the Operation Nightingale team uncovered on Salisbury Plain last September. Roundhouses appear to have been the dominant form of domestic architecture in Bronze Age Britain (and Ireland), as they were in the later Iron Age. Of course, we already have six roundhouses already on site. All of them date to the Iron Age. While the shape of our 'new' building will be the same, there are some things which were found in the archaeology that set it apart from any other building we have on site.

Dunch Hill excavation in progress. Photo (c) Harvey Mills

Dunch Hill excavation aerial view. Photo (c) Harvey Mills

We will discuss these in later blogs, but they aren't the only exciting features that set this build apart. It will be built downhill a little from our Iron Age enclosure, alone in a small field that we often use to graze our ancient breed sheep. Behind it is the neighbouring farmer's crop field. Remember how I mentioned the division of land for agriculture in the Bronze Age? Well, one of the reasons for siting the building where we have is to give visitors something of an impression of our house set within a productive agricultural landscape – just as it appears to have been 3200 years ago when dating evidence says the original was built. As well as the small settlements and fields that characterise this period of the Bronze Age (the middle-late Bronze Age), there were also track systems for the movement of both people and animals. And we are reflecting this with the creation of a 'drove way' – a pair of wattle fences set a few metres apart that lead visitors to the roundhouse from one of our existing paths. The fences then widen to create a small enclosure in which our building will sit, safe from marauding sheep. Evidence for fences was excavated right by the original roundhouse. Although we can never get a true snapshot of what the small settlement to which the original roundhouse seems to have belonged was like three millennia ago, we believe that we are setting our building within a good representation of a Bronze Age context – a setting that demonstrates the ways in which thoroughly modern humans modified and organised their world for dwelling, transport, and productivity around 1200BCE.

Artists Impression of what the final build may look like in situ.

Originally we estimated that providing this setting – the drove way and the enclosure – would take us about five or six days. The Operation Nightingale task force had it more or less complete in three. They had also stripped all of the turf from the site of the house (aided by the experienced and hard-working spade of Phil Harding) and dug the postholes ready for the build! I guess that's what happens when military efficiency is involved! And we are so happy to have this efficient team involved, and we're all looking forward to moving the project towards completion over the coming months – hopefully finished some time in September.

Volunteers working on the wattle fence for the drove-way.

Volunteers stripping turf in the location of the new house.

Claire Walton, Butser Archaeologist said “I think it’s really important for Butser as we don’t have a Bronze Age area, that’s the first thing, and as a chronological narrative that’s really important. We’ve missed out a massive section of pre-history so that for me is really exciting. But I am also really thrilled we’re doing this with Operation Nightingale because it’s a continued opportunity to learn and I’m looking forward to working with these people who have a totally different background to me, and to find out who they are and how they’ve come to be here. I’m really looking forward to it.”

We will update this blog regularly so you can keep tabs on our progress and we are featuring discussions about the project and the Bronze Age on our great new Butser Plus platform –along with many other topics!

To close I want to extend a huge thank you to our partners and friends at Breaking Ground Heritage and Step Together Volunteering, who are bringing our volunteers together to participate in the work, and to the South Downs National Park and The Armed Forces Covenant Positive Pathways Fund for their generous financial support. Also to Phil Harding for giving up his time and, especially, to our fantastic volunteer crew for making this project a reality.

What's Beltain all about?

As we reach the 1st May, our Archaeologist Claire discusses the traditions behind our Beltain Festival at Butser Ancient Farm.

Although this year unfortunately we are unable to celebrate the festival together in person, we have captured some of the essence of the our Beltain festival to share online on our new digital supporter platform Butser Plus. From 12pm on Saturday 1st May discover a special short Beltain Video featuring storytelling, drumming and the burning of the Wickerman alongside many other videos sharing behind the scenes at the farm.

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These days the arrival of summer heralds thoughts of long warm days to come, and the possibility of spending more time outdoors. But 2500 years ago, our connection to the land and seasons signified much more than just whimsical dreams of a suntan or a stroll by the sea. For our ancestors, carefully marking the changing of the seasons and acknowledging the growing cycle of their staple crops was literally life and death.

Beltain celebrates the fertility of the land as nature bursts to life around us. Here one of our Iron Age Roundhouses is surrounded by the lushness of the unfolding spring.

So while the significance of this time of year may have shifted for most of us, there still remains a unique opportunity to connect to the land and seasons in a similar way to those ancestors, and that’s through joining us at Butser Ancient Farm to welcome the arrival of summer with a celebration of Beltain.

It could variously be described as a cleansing ritual, a celebration of the seasons, a pagan festival or more likely a bit of all three. The Beltain is a slippery beast which defies clear definition - evidence is fragmentary and mostly referenced in Irish literature of the early mediaeval period, laced with some slightly dodgy Roman sources with a taste for the macabre.

It is in essence one of four seasonal celebrations marking the Celtic year, Samhain, Imbolc and Lughnasadh being the others. It is situated half way between the spring equinox (day and night being of equal length) and the summer solstice ( the longest day). That this time of year was of huge symbolic importance to our ancestors is reflected in the still widespread celebration of May Day throughout continental Europe, and indeed here, if only in the form of the May bank holiday.

The festival marked when cattle were driven out to summer pasture. Rituals featuring bonfires were a major part of Beltain, the fire symbolising purification. Thus, driving cattle between the flames, as has been recorded in some of the earliest Irish literature, was a way of cleansing and protecting them. Likewise the connected ritual of extinguishing the flames in all domestic hearths and relighting them from this ‘sacred’ fire. An opportunity for rebirth and growth for people as well as livestock.

The Wickerman at our 2019 Beltain Festival

You’re probably wondering where the infamous Wicker man fits in to our story, and this is where those dodgy Romans surface again. Julius Caesar writes about a wicker man and the role of Druids in performing sacrifices. Never ones to miss a salacious spin story, the Roman narrative suggests the sacrifices were human, stuffed inside the body of the wicker structure and set alight. A few years later, the geographer Strabo, wondering how he could outdo Caesar’s description, stuffs some animals in with the unfortunate human victims. All in all, a vision which has become the stand out image of the whole festival. Which is to say, we have all become fixated on the schlock-horror of a couple of propaganda laden missives from Rome and failed to focus on the true and wider significance of this festival and the resonance it still can and should hold for us today.

So we unashamedly say that our Beltain festival, with its sacrifice-free wicker man, is both a timeless celebration but also one for modern times. We may not all be Celtic farmers, but in our 21st century world, we should be seizing every precious opportunity to connect with the wonders and bounty of nature.

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Beltain is usually Butser Ancient Farm’s biggest fundraiser of the year. Please support us by joining Butser Plus and enjoying our special Beltain Video.

You can join Butser Plus from £5.99 a month and pause and cancel membership anytime. We’ll be sharing regular professionally produced videos about the experimental archaeology, ancient skills and nature at the farm.